Impact Trust • Working glossary

Reciprocity

Mutual exchange of actions, resources, or obligations between parties.

Details

Our Take
Sounds fair - who could argue against mutual exchange? But the word conceals important questions about power. When a funder describes a relationship with grantees as 'reciprocal,' ask what each party can actually withhold without consequence. The dictionary already defines reciprocity as transaction; the relational meaning belongs to symbiosis, not exchange. In indigenous and relational ontologies, reciprocity is cosmological -- obligation to the land, to ancestors, to future generations -- a meaning that gets flattened in donor-speak.
Examples of Use
Ostrom – Governing the Commons (reciprocity norms in CPR management)
Mauss – The Gift (obligation structures in exchange)
OECD DAC – Mutual Accountability frameworks
Ubuntu philosophy – relational reciprocity beyond transaction
Ideological Framing
In progressive usage, reciprocity can challenge extractive models by insisting that flows of value should run in both directions. In conservative or institutional usage, it can obscure structural asymmetry.calling a relationship reciprocl may dignify arrangements where one party sets the terms and the other complies. In indigenous ontologies, reciprocity is not transactional but cosmological.
Synonyms/Variants
Mutual exchange
Mutuality
Typical everyday wording
Give and take; Quid pro quo (transactional variant)